Kinzer wrote that MKUltra's use of mescaline on unwitting subjects was a practice that Nazi doctors had begun in the Dachau concentration camp. Origin of project Īccording to author Stephen Kinzer, the CIA project "was a continuation of the work begun in WWII-era Japanese facilities and Nazi concentration camps on subduing and controlling human minds". According to the Church Committee, "such materials were used on a number of occasions". MKDELTA was established to oversee the use of MKUltra materials abroad. Other related cryptonyms include Project MKNAOMI and Project MKDELTA. The project's CIA cryptonym is a combination of the digraph MK, indicating the sponsorship of the Technical Services Staff (TSS), and the word Ultra which formerly designated the most secret classification of World War II intelligence. Sidney Gottlieb approved of an MKUltra sub-project on LSD in this June 9, 1953, letter. Some surviving information about MKUltra was declassified in July 2001. In 1977, a Freedom of Information Act request uncovered a cache of 20,000 documents relating to MKUltra, which led to Senate hearings. Investigative efforts were hampered by CIA Director Richard Helms's order that all MKUltra files be destroyed in 1973 the Church Committee and Rockefeller Commission investigations relied on the sworn testimony of direct participants and on the small number of documents that survived Helms's order. MKUltra was first brought to public attention in 1975 by the Church Committee of the United States Congress and Gerald Ford's United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States (also known as the Rockefeller Commission). The CIA operated using front organizations, although some top officials at these institutions were aware of the CIA's involvement. : 74 MKUltra's scope was broad, with activities carried out under the guise of research at more than 80 institutions, including colleges and universities, hospitals, prisons, and pharmaceutical companies. and Canadian citizens as unwitting test subjects. The program engaged in illegal activities, including the use of U.S. It was organized through the CIA's Office of Scientific Intelligence and coordinated with the United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories. MKUltra was preceded by two drug-related experiments, Project Bluebird and Project Artichoke. MKUltra used numerous methods to manipulate its subjects' mental states and brain functions, such as the covert administration of high doses of psychoactive drugs (especially LSD) and other chemicals, electroshocks, hypnosis, sensory deprivation, isolation, and verbal and sexual abuse, in addition to other forms of torture. It began in 1953, was reduced in scope in 19, and was halted in 1973. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), intended to develop procedures and identify drugs that could be used in interrogations to weaken individuals and force confessions through brainwashing and psychological torture. Project MKUltra (or MK-Ultra) was an illegal human experimentation program designed and undertaken by the U.S.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |